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Historical mysteries solved by science in 2024Srinagar, Dec 25: A Kashmiri doctor has spearheaded the discovery of a groundbreaking potential cure for lung fibrosis, paving the way for aspiring scientists not only in Kashmir but across the world. In an exclusive conversation with Greater Kashmir , Dr Muzamil Majid Khan shared his inspiring journey and insights from the small village in Baramulla to the renowned research hubs of Heidelberg into the drug that could transform the lives of millions worldwide. A widely available cough suppressant, dextromethorphan, may hold the key to treating lung fibrosis, a serious condition that currently has no cure. The discovery, part of a study published in the December 2024 issue of Science Translational Medicine, represents a major step forward in combating the disease, which affects over 7.61 lakh people in Europe alone, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Dr Khan, a Kashmiri scientist currently based at EMBL Heidelberg in Germany is the first author of the paper. Lung fibrosis is caused by excessive scarring in the lungs due to an accumulation of collagen, leading to tissue stiffness, breathing difficulties, and, in severe cases, organ failure. The risk factors include environmental irritants like asbestos, chemotherapy side effects, or autoimmune conditions. Dr Khan and his colleagues aimed to identify effective treatments for the condition by repurposing existing drugs. “We wanted to discover novel drugs for lung fibrosis, knowing the challenges of developing new ones. Dextromethorphan stood out during our screening of FDA-approved drugs,” Dr Khan said. The research team employed cutting-edge techniques, including a “scar-in-a-jar” assay – an in vitro model that mimics the fibrotic scarring process. This high-throughput screening method allowed them to identify dextromethorphan as a drug that inhibits collagen trafficking in cells. Further studies using advanced technologies like proteomics, transcriptomics, and microscopy uncovered how the drug blocks the accumulation of collagen, reducing scarring in human lung fibroblasts, 3D-cultured lung tissues, and mouse models of lung fibrosis. Collaborating with the Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg and Thoraxclinic, the team is now preparing for phase II clinical trials to evaluate dextromethorphan’s effects on human patients. Dr Khan’s path to this groundbreaking discovery is as remarkable as the study itself. Hailing from Hanjiwera Bala, a small village in Kashmir’s Baramulla district, his academic journey began in local schools before continuing in Srinagar. He attended Public High School, Gogji Bagh, and Jawahar Nagar Higher Secondary School before earning his Bachelors in Science at SP College, Srinagar. A turning point came when he secured a junior research position in the lab of the late Prof Obaid Siddiqi at NCBS, Bangalore. This opportunity set the foundation for his scientific career. Dr Khan pursued his PhD at the University of Heidelberg and now works as a staff scientist at EMBL Heidelberg, specialising in respiratory diseases and drug discovery. His achievement underscores the importance of hard work, determination, and community support. “It doesn’t matter which school or university you attend; what matters is your passion and persistence,” he advises young researchers from Kashmir. “Hard work never goes in vain, and the growing network of Kashmiri scientists around the world is here to guide and mentor those seeking support.”

Could Buying Apple Stock Today Set You Up for Life?AP Trending SummaryBrief at 4:13 p.m. EST

Kunlavut Vitidsarn booked his berth in the men's singles quarter-finals of the US$1.15 million BWF China Masters 2024 in Shenzhen on Thursday. The Thai fifth seed defeated China's Wang Tzuwei 21-16, 21-17 in the last 16 of the World Tour Super 750 event. Kunlavut will play top seed Shi Yuqi of China in the last eight. Shi edged Chico Aura Dwi Wardoyo of Indonesia 22-24, 21-13, 21-18. Olympic silver medallist Kunlavut defeated Shi in the quarter-finals at the Paris Games. Kunlavut is chasing his second title of the year. The reigning world champion claimed his first title of 2024 at the Korea Masters earlier this month. On-song Thai women's singles star Pornpawee Chochuwong also tasted success on Thursday as she marched into the quarter-finals of the tournament. After a relatively slow start, Pornpawee completely dominated Lin Hsiang-ti of Taiwan in the second game of her last-16 encounter before claiming an easy 21-17, 21-9 victory. Pornpawee is in contention for a place in the lucrative World Tour Finals along with compatriot Supanida Katethong, who was to take on Malvika Bansod of India in the last-16 round later yesterday. Earlier, mixed doubles pair Supak Jomkoh and Supsiree Taerattanachai bowed out in the last 16 after losing to eighth seeds Yang Po-hsuan and Hu Ling-fang of Taiwan 23-21, 12-21, 18-21. Yang and Hu will play top seeds Feng Yanzhe and Huang Dongping in the last eight. The Chinese pair went straight into the quarter-finals after they received a walkover win over Sumeeth B Reddy and Sikki Reddy of India. Meanwhile, women's top seed An Se-Young of South Korea battled past Sung Shuo-yun of Taiwan 21-23, 21-12, 21-12. An will play Zhang Yiman of China in the quarter-finals. Zhang also needed three games to overcome Michelle Li of Canada on Thursday. Japan's rising star Tomoko Yamazaki rallied to beat Mia Blichfeldt of Denmark 17-21, 23-21, 21-10. She will next play Natsuki Nidaira of Japan or Anupama Upadhyaya of India in the last eight. In the men's singles event, top seed Viktor Axelsen of Denmark downed Weng Hongyang of China 21-16, 21-11 while sixth seed Jonatan Christie of Indonesia beat China's Lu Guangzu 21-8, 21-19.Oldest college football coaches: Where Bill Belichick ranks with North Carolina hiring

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court is allowing a multibillion-dollar class action investors’ lawsuit to proceed against Facebook parent Meta , stemming from the privacy scandal involving the Cambridge Analytica political consulting firm. The justices heard arguments in November in Meta’s bid to shut down the lawsuit. On Friday, they decided that they were wrong to take up the case in the first place. The high court dismissed the company’s appeal, leaving in place an appellate ruling allowing the case to go forward. Investors allege that Meta did not fully disclose the risks that Facebook users’ personal information would be misused by Cambridge Analytica, a firm that supported Donald Trump ’s first successful Republican presidential campaign in 2016. Inadequacy of the disclosures led to two significant price drops in the price of the company’s shares in 2018, after the public learned about the extent of the privacy scandal, the investors say. Meta spokesman Andy Stone said the company was disappointed by the court’s action. “The plaintiff’s claims are baseless and we will continue to defend ourselves as this case is considered by the District Court,” Stone said in an emailed statement. Meta already has paid a $5.1 billion fine and reached a $725 million privacy settlement with users. Javascript is required for you to be able to read premium content. Please enable it in your browser settings.Sportswatch Daily Listings

OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — Alabama faces a tougher roadblock than it might appear in its quest to maintain positioning for the College Football Playoff. Sure, Oklahoma has struggled in its first Southeastern Conference season. The Sooners (5-5, 1-5 SEC) have lost four straight conference games. The Sooners have fired their offensive coordinator and they have the worst offense in the league. But they have a tough defense, too. Linebacker Danny Stutsman, a midseason AP All-American, anchors a nasty unit that has kept the Sooners competitive in losses at Ole Miss and Missouri. He ranks second in the SEC with 96 tackles. Defensive back Billy Bowman Jr. has scored four defensive touchdowns since the start of the 2023 season, tied for the most nationally. Defensive end R Mason Thomas has seven sacks, with six coming in the fourth quarter of close games. Alabama coach Kalen DeBoer is paying attention. “It’s going to take a great week of preparation,” DeBoer said. “A physical football team all around. Their defense is, I think, an extremely tough defense in all ways — just what they do with their scheme and then with their personnel, the way they fly around.” Plus, Oklahoma is motivated. It’s Senior Day for a program that would become bowl eligible with a win. Beating the seventh-ranked Crimson Tide could cure a lot of ills for the Sooners. “I think they know they could be a great example for what fight and what belief and what finishing and what improving and what proving people wrong looks like,” Oklahoma coach Brent Venables said. “And I think this is a group of guys that are committed to doing that.” Alabama (8-2, 4-2) has more answers than most. Jalen Milroe has passed for 15 touchdowns and rushed for 17. Freshman receiver Ryan Williams has 40 catches for 767 yards and eight touchdowns. “Yeah, incredibly explosive, and they have great playmakers everywhere," Venables said. “Certainly, it starts — everything goes through the quarterback.” There has been much talk about what a third loss would do to Alabama's playoff hopes. DeBoer said his team isn't focused on that. “I think we're really honed in and the guys really believe on and have understood the significance of really focusing on where we’re at right now,” he said. “We talk about the next play is the most important play, the next game is the most important game. We haven’t thought about anything beyond Oklahoma.” Milroe is only the fourth SEC quarterback since 2007 to have at least 15 passing touchdowns and 17 rushing touchdowns in a single season. The others won the Heisman Trophy during their seasons — Florida's Tim Tebow in 2007, Auburn's Cam Newton in 2010 and Texas A&M's Johnny Manziel in 2012. “I think it just starts with doing what’s best for the team, and that’s what Jalen is all about," DeBoer said. Since returning to the lineup early against South Carolina four games ago, Oklahoma quarterback Jackson Arnold has completed 70 of 112 passes for 705 yards with five touchdowns with no interceptions. Still, his fumble that was returned for a touchdown in the final minute against Missouri was the difference in a 30-23 loss. Arnold has dealt with significant criticism all season. “That goes along with that position at a place like the University of Oklahoma,” Venables said. “That’s a position that’s a little bit ... it’s a bit like the head coach position. There’s a different type of microscope and there’s a different type of focus and that’s okay he’s got broad shoulders to handle that.” Oklahoma running back Jovantae Barnes ran for career highs of 203 yards and three touchdowns against Maine two weeks ago, then he sat out last week's loss to Missouri. He's listed as questionable on this week's injury report. He leads the Sooners with 577 yards rushing this season. Venables is impressed with what DeBoer has done in his first year at Alabama since taking over for Nick Saban. “One of Kalen’s strengths as a football coach — a very successful coach — is he takes a group of players that he has, and their staff figures out what they can do,” Venables said. “They major in that, put them in position to be successful based on the players’ strengths. They’ve done a nice job of doing that throughout the course of the season.” Oklahoma beat heavily favored Alabama 45-31 in the Sugar Bowl to cap the 2013 season, a game that helped pump energy into the Sooner program under Bob Stoops. Alabama got revenge in 2018, beating the Sooners 45-34 in the College Football Playoff. Get poll alerts and updates on the AP Top 25 throughout the season. Sign up here . AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/ap-top-25-college-football-poll and https://apnews.com/hub/college-football Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

By TravelPulse (TNS) While 2024 was a year that brought about significant, continued post-pandemic recovery for the travel industry, it was also a period of time marked by instability in some locations around the world. From attacks on the rail lines during the Paris Olympics to the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, not to mention the war in Ukraine, the global travel realm in 2024 was fraught with challenges. It is against this backdrop that the international security and medical services provider Global Guardian recently released its 2025 Global Risk Map. Published annually, the map is meant to help travelers better understand the current global risk landscape. In order to develop its guidance, experts at Global Guardian assess a long list of country-specific security risk factors and indicators, including crime, health, natural disasters, infrastructure, political stability, civil unrest and terrorism. For 2025, Global Guardian’s assessment results underscore the reality that disruption globally and domestically continues to increase, and now more than ever travelers need to be prepared when exploring the world. As part of the latest assessment, Global Guardian highlighted a handful of specific global regions that are at particular risk of destabilization over the next year and beyond. Here’s a closer look at those regions, along with insights from Global Guardian CEO Dale Buckner, who recently spoke with TravelPulse at length about the risks travelers may face in 2025. Here are the regions at risk of destabilization in 2025: Middle East/North Africa Israel’s existential battle against Iran is set to continue into 2025, says the Global Guardian report. “In July 2024, Israel assassinated Hamas’ political leader, Ismail Haniyeh, in an Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) safehouse in Tehran, and Iran has pledged revenge,” the report explains. “This comes as Iran and its web of regional proxies took their war on Israel out of the shadows and into the open following October 7, 2023, with seven live fronts.” Global Guardian also predicts that Israel’s regional war will shift from Gaza to the West Bank and Lebanon in the year ahead, heightening tensions with Hezbollah, while Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean will persist. The report adds that as “we enter 2025, Israel may assess that its strategic window to prevent a nuclear Iran is rapidly closing and choose to act.” The ongoing civil war in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), is also of concern, according to Global Guardian’s risk analysis. The conflict “has created a dire humanitarian situation with ethnically motivated violence on the rise,” says the report. Latin America Some of the areas of concern in the Latin American region include Venezuela and Mexico, according to Global Guardian. The risk in Venezuela is tied to the country’s long-standing territorial dispute with neighboring Guyana, says the report. “Since 2019, the U.S. Department of State withdrew all diplomatic personnel from U.S. Embassy Caracas and suspended all operations,” explains Buckner. “Violent crimes, such as homicide, armed robbery, kidnapping, and carjacking, are common in Venezuela. Shortages of gasoline, electricity, water, medicine, and medical supplies continue throughout much of Venezuela. Simply put, Venezuela is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for Western travelers and should be avoided.” In Mexico, meanwhile, the problems include drug cartel-related violence and theft, among other issues, says the report. Mexico recently inaugurated its first female president, Claudia Sheinbaum, and like her predecessors she will face challenges “reining in cartel violence, corruption, extortion, theft and kidnapping,” says the report. “As such, security continues to be a top concern in Mexico’ ” says the report, which categorizes Mexico as “high risk” when it comes to travel for 2025. Countries classified as high risk experience regular conflict, criminal activity or civil unrest — and have not effectively managed those risks. The Global Guardian report also suggests there may be heightened risks in Mexico now that Donald Trump has been reelected U.S. president. “Bilateral relations between the U.S. and Mexico could dramatically deteriorate. Trump has promised a mass deportation operation, which could sour relations between the U.S. and Mexico, increasing risks to businesses operating in Mexico,” the report adds. Asked to comment on Mexico’s high-risk designation, Buckner stressed that the situation in the country is extremely nuanced, adding that it’s a vast oversimplification to call the entire country high risk. “There are pockets of Mexico that are wildly safe and wonderful to visit and people shouldn’t hesitate to go,” Buckner told TravelPulse. “And there are also pockets that are unsafe and dangerous.” The good news, added Buckner, is that Mexico’s new president is focusing a great deal of effort and energy on addressing the problems surrounding drug cartels, which are the source of a great deal of the risk. Buckner was quick to add however, that as long as there’s demand for drugs, the drug cartel situation is likely to remain problematic. “The U.S. is driving the drug demand — we consume more drugs then the rest of the world,” explained Buckner. “It’s really overly simplified to paint Mexico as the bad guy, because if there wasn’t demand, we wouldn’t need the supply. But the demand is real and violence comes with that.” Representatives for Global Nexus, a government and public affairs consultancy that advises travel and tourism companies and interests in Southern Mexico, told TravelPulse that while drug-related violence has been known to occur, it involves members of the drug cartel targeting each other, they’re not targeting tourists. “There is an ongoing battle between small drug vendors who use the beach to sell product to tourists hanging out on the beach,” explained Ruben Olmos, Global Nexus president and CEO, in reference to the Quintana Roo region, which is popular with tourists. “There have been cases where gunfire has been exchanged between these groups. They are targeting themselves. They are fighting over ‘This is my beach’ and they initiate a shootout.” However, added Olmos, that the U.S. State Department’s risk categorization for Quintana Roo (which is separate from the Global Guardian risk assessment) has not changed. Located on the State Department’s Mexico page, the risk assessment for Quintana Roo remains in the “Exercise Increased Caution” category, which is below the top risk categories of “Do Not Travel” and “Reconsider Travel.” The Exercise Increased Caution designation means “Be aware of heightened risks to safety and security,” explains the State Department’s website. Olmos also pointed out that Mexico is the only country that has a map on the U.S. State Department website that covers every single state in the country, providing details for travelers about which states are safest. Sub-Saharan Africa In June 2024, thousands of young people took to the streets in Kenya to protest a controversial tax bill. The protesters were met with heavy-handed policing, including the use of live fire and mass arrests, says the Global Guardian risk report. Despite the local security response, protests continued. The success and tenacity of the Kenyan movement has triggered similar protests or dissent in other countries including Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, and Nigeria, says Global Guardian. That is just a portion of the risk Global Guardian sees for Sub-Saharan Africa over the course of 2025. “With multiple conflicts escalating across the continent, aging leaders leaving behind unclear successions, and entrenched regimes with dissipating legitimacy, Sub-Saharan Africa now looks much like the North African and Arab world in the early 2010s,” says the report. “While the dynamic unfolding in Africa might not yet merit the label of “African Spring,” a significant change to the continent’s political status quo is coming.” A complete list of extreme and high-risk designations Several countries received an extreme or high-risk designation on the new Global Guardian risk map for 2025, including more than a few that are popular with leisure travelers or tourists. Extreme risk countries are those that Global Guardian says are “actively engaged in conflict, while also experiencing severe criminal activity and civil unrest.These countries are insecure; state institutions are too weak to manage militant groups or large-scale disasters.” They include Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Lebanon, Mali, Niger, Somalia, Ukraine, West Bank, Gaza and Yemen. The current list of high-risk countries, which are countries that experience regular conflict, criminal activity or civil unrest and have not effectively managed those risks, includes Bangladesh, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Libya, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, South Sudan, Uganda, Venezuela Officials from the Jamaica Tourist Board provided a statement to TravelPulse in response to Global Guardian’s designation of the country. “Last month, Global Guardian, a private security provider, released its 2025 Global Risk Map, which included Jamaica, amongst other destinations,” said the Tourist Board. “It is important to note that the crime rate against visitors is notably low at 0.01% and the majority of Jamaica’s tourism product remains unaffected.” The country’s tourism officials added that Jamaica has welcomed 3 million visitors this year and boasts a high repeat visitor rate of 42%. “The island is consistently ranked among the top destinations for international travel and visitors continue to come with confidence to enjoy all that Jamaica has to offer,” the statement adds. When it comes to Jamaica, Buckner offered similar comments to those of Mexico, noting that the situation is impacted by drug-related violence and the experience on the ground is nuanced and cannot be painted with a broad brush. “In the same vein as Mexico — Jamaica can be a wonderful place to visit,” says Buckner. “There are pockets of beauty and low crime and as long as you are careful, it’s a very low threat.” Bottom line on travel risks for 2025 Buckner, a retired Army colonel, maintains that the world is indeed a more risky place heading into 2025. The challenges in the Middle East and Ukraine are at the forefront of the instability, but are hardly the only cause for concern. “Israel has now gone to Gaza and cleaned out Hamas, they’re now moving north into Lebanon, and we are convinced Israel will strike Iran,” Buckner said during an interview that took place prior to Israel’s strike on Iran. “If that occurs you are going to see violence across the Middle East.” “But there are over 100 conflicts across the globe,” continues Buckner. When you combine that reality with other challenges the world is currently grappling with, including the destabilizing influences of climate change, there are plenty of risks for travelers to bear in mind when planning a journey for the coming year. He wraps up by offering a few tips for travelers, a check-list of sorts, to work through when planning or considering travel to a specific country in 2025: — If you don’t know who to call or how you are going to negotiate if someone is kidnapped, you shouldn’t go there. — Consumers need to read the fine print on travel insurance because it does not cover war zones, terrorism or natural disasters, says Buckner. And travelers are often surprised and find out too late that these types of events are not covered. — If you get stuck or stranded, if you don’t know who you are going to call to get you out of that situation, know what organizations locally or internationally are available to help you. ©2024 Northstar Travel Media, LLC. Visit at travelpulse.com. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

The world's most climate-imperilled nations stormed out of consultations in protest at the deadlocked UN COP29 conference Saturday, as simmering tensions over a hard-fought finance deal erupted into the open. Diplomats from small island nations threatened by rising seas and impoverished African states angrily filed out of a meeting with summit hosts Azerbaijan over a final deal being thrashed out in a Baku sports stadium. "We've just walked out. We came here to this COP for a fair deal. We feel that we haven't been heard," said Cedric Schuster, the Samoan chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS). An unpublished version of the final text circulating in Baku, and seen by AFP, proposes that rich nations raise to $300 billion a year by 2035 their commitment to poorer countries to fight climate change. COP29 hosts Azerbaijan intended to put a final draft before 198 nations for adoption or rejection on Saturday evening, a full day after the marathon summit officially ended. But, in a statement, AOSIS said it had "removed" itself from the climate finance discussions, demanding an "inclusive" process. "If this cannot be the case, it becomes very difficult for us to continue our involvement here at COP29," it said. Sierra Leone's climate minister Jiwoh Abdulai, whose country is among the world's poorest, said the draft was "effectively a suicide pact for the rest of the world". An earlier offer from rich nations of $250 billion was slammed as offensively low by developing countries, who have demanded much higher sums to build resilience against climate change and cut emissions. UK Energy Secretary Ed Miliband said the revised offer of $300 billion was "a significant scaling up" of the existing pledge by developed nations, which also count the United States, European Union and Japan among their ranks. At sunset, a final text still proved elusive, as harried diplomats ran to-and-fro in the stadium near the Caspian Sea searching for common ground. "Hopefully this is the storm before the calm," said US climate envoy John Podesta in the corridors as somebody shouted "shame" in his direction. Earlier, the EU's climate commissioner Wopke Hoekstra said negotiators were not out of the woods yet. "We're doing everything we can on each of the axes to build bridges and to make this into a success. But it is iffy whether we will succeed," he said. Ali Mohamed, the Kenyan chair of the African Group of Negotiators, told AFP: "No deal is better than a bad deal." South African environment minister Dion George, however, said: "I think being ambitious at this point is not going to be very useful." "What we are not up for is going backwards or standing still," he said. "We might as well just have stayed at home then." The revised offer from rich countries came with conditions in other parts of the broader climate deal under discussion in Azerbaijan. The EU in particular wants an annual review on global efforts to phase out fossil fuels, which are the main drivers of global warming. This has run into opposition from Saudi Arabia, which has sought to water down a landmark pledge to transition away from oil, gas and coal made at COP28 last year. "We will not allow the most vulnerable, especially the small island states, to be ripped off by the new, few rich fossil fuel emitters," said German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock. Wealthy nations counter that it is politically unrealistic to expect more in direct government funding. The US earlier this month elected former president Donald Trump, a sceptic of both climate change and foreign assistance, and a number of other Western countries have seen right-wing backlashes against the green agenda. A coalition of more than 300 activist groups accused historic polluters most responsible for climate change of skirting their obligation, and urged developing nations to stand firm. The draft deal posits a larger overall target of $1.3 trillion per year to cope with rising temperatures and disasters, but most would come from private sources. Even $300 billion would be a step up from the $100 billion now provided by wealthy nations under a commitment set to expire. A group of developing countries had demanded at least $500 billion, with some saying that increases were less than met the eye due to inflation. Experts commissioned by the United Nations to assess the needs of developing countries said $250 billion was "too low" and by 2035 rich nations should be providing at least $390 billion. The US and EU have wanted newly wealthy emerging economies like China -- the world's largest emitter -- to chip in. China, which remains classified as a developing nation under the UN framework, provides climate assistance but wants to keep doing so on its own voluntary terms. bur-np-sct/lth/giv

—Arjunan Anjappan, survivor, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami “Tsunami: Sea Change for Resilience” UNESCO exhibition tsunami, often misunderstood as merely an oversized ocean wave, is one of nature’s most destructive forces. Scripps Institution of Oceanography seismologist Barry Hirshorn is working to provide tsunami warnings to coastal populations as accurately and quickly as possible. “A tsunami is essentially a gravity wave,” Hirshorn explains. This term, used in scientific communities, emphasizes the role of gravity in the oscillations of water columns. Large displacements are often caused by tectonic activity: The most common source of tsunamis lies in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate slides beneath another. Over time, stress builds along these fault lines, and when released, the sea floor rises or falls, displacing colossal volumes of water. Hirshorn cites the Dec. 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as an example: “The sea floor uplifted over a length longer than the state of California, creating a massive column of water ... when the water column collapses, this energy radiates outward, creating the tsunami,” he adds. This phenomenon in fact produces not just one wave but a series of waves, which can travel vast distances with immense energy. It’s more like a steamroller made of water, a fast-moving surge shearing across the land. Although the energy from a tsunami disperses in all directions, its impact is not uniform. “You get a much stronger tsunami at 90 degrees to the fault,” Hirshorn explains, which is what happened during the 2004 tsunami. This direction of the undersea rupture, which occurred off the coast of Indonesia, determined the intensity and direction of the tsunami, causing disproportionate devastation in certain countries such as Sri Lanka—but damage and deaths as far afield as Tanzania and Thailand. While the Pacific’s Ring of Fire is a hotbed for tsunamis due to its numerous subduction zones, no ocean is immune. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake generated a tsunami that devastated Europe’s Atlantic coast, a reminder that they can originate anywhere massive undersea activity could trigger one. And these events don’t need to be the movement of entire continental plates. Hirshorn also recounts the record-breaking in 2022 near Tonga, which created a tsunami and generated waves that circumnavigated the globe. In the open ocean, a tsunami may seem benign, with a height of less than three feet. However, as it nears the shore, the wave slows and grows exponentially. “The kinetic energy converts into potential energy, creating the towering wall of water that we associate with tsunamis,” Hirshorn says. One common misconception about tsunamis is that they resemble a single giant, breaking wave. Hirshorn clarifies, “It’s more like a steamroller made of water, a fast-moving surge shearing across the land.” This force allows tsunamis to inundate areas miles inland, causing widespread destruction beyond the coast. Another strange hallmark of tsunamis is harbors sometimes draining before the wave strikes. “This depends on the position of the harbor relative to the fault,” Hirshorn explains. In some cases, the ocean recedes dramatically, offering a natural warning sign of an impending wave. The 1964 Alaska earthquake caused harbors to empty before a massive wave struck, which Hirshorn recalls as a defining moment in tsunami awareness. But the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami stands out for its sheer scale—and the subsequent revolution in tsunami science. Before 2004, the creation of warning systems often came in response after a given tsunami disaster. After the 2004 tsunami, however, the paradigm shifted to proactive monitoring by building tsunami warnings in more ocean basins. “We can now characterize an earthquake’s magnitude and tsunami potential within minutes,” Hirshorn says. This advance is critical for regions across the globe, including Cascadia in the United States, where a massive tsunami, scientists say, is a matter of when, not if. Advances in technology and international cooperation have significantly reduced tsunami-related fatalities over the past 20 years. For example, improved communication infrastructure ensures timely warnings even in remote areas. And contemporary tsunami warning systems now leverage differences in wave speeds to provide critical early warnings. Earthquake waves travel faster than tsunamis, allowing scientists to assess the event’s magnitude and potential impact in real time. “The closer populations are warned through seismic data, while distant populations benefit from models predicting tsunami travel times,” Hirshorn says. “We now have the tools to prevent another disaster like 2004.” However, predicting the exact size and impact of a tsunami remains complex. As is . “Public response is critical,” Hirshorn says, highlighting the need for ongoing education and drills. Tsunamis can strike within minutes, leaving no time for hesitation. He emphasizes the importance of public education, noting, “Even in the absence of official warnings, ground shaking is a signal to head inland. It’s better to overreact than underestimate the risk.” Hirshorn’s insights reveal the dual nature of tsunamis as both awe-inspiring and devastating. Understanding their mechanics, improving prediction, and fostering public preparedness are crucial to mitigating their impact. Watch ; all episodes are streaming now on Disney+ and Hulu. Or visit the exhibition at UNESCO Paris until December 31st. Posted on John Steele is the publisher and editorial director of . Cutting-edge science, unraveled by the very brightest living thinkers.SLU schedules fall graduations

Let’s say the Lego Company wants to re-release an old Death Star Lego. It’s an iconic set, but some pieces have been recalled because too many kids ate them, others aren’t even in production anymore, and the general construction of the whole thing hasn’t aged well. Oh, and the instructions might be too difficult to follow for today’s generation of kids. It’s cool in theory, but an unwieldy relic in the real world. How would they go about fixing that? A rational company would choose one of three options: refurbish it, ignore it or abandon it. The best option would be to replace the forbidden or incompatible pieces, and re-design it so it’s up to today’s standards. Otherwise, just re-release it as is or abandon the project altogether. Now let’s say that Death Star Lego set is actually the NBA All-Star Game , and instead of choosing one of the rational options, the NBA has decided to Gronk-spike the concept into the hardwood, rebuild all the pieces into the Starship Enterprise from Star Trek and slap on a bright pink label that says “DEATH STAR” and ship it out for sale. On Thursday, ESPN reported that the 2025 All-Star Game would feature a brand-new, “pick-up inspired” tournament format where four teams of eight players compete to win the whole thing. The semifinals will be first to 40, while the final will be first to 25. According to Shams Charania, this “fresh and creative” concept gained momentum among league officials, coaches, players and executives in the past six months. Sigh. This is definitely “fresh and creative,” in the same way Francis Ford Coppola’s experimental disasterclass “ Megalopolis ” was. Sure, the NBA has crafted something innovative, but they are confusing “change” with “progress.” And in doing so, have mortally wounded the last remnants of the All-Star Game, which died Thursday morning, sad and alone, at the age of 73. The new style is as incoherent as it is an affront to the game’s history. Why does the semifinal’s score go higher than the final? Is the final not more important? Are the winners of the tournament some sort of special level of All-Star? Are we going to have “All-Star Champions” in addition to normal All-Stars? The tournament style is an attempt to force competitiveness by adding contrived elimination. But the players don’t try because they don’t want to get hurt, not because they don’t care. In some ways, they stopped trying in the old All-Star game because ringzzz culture made them too competitive... about only the NBA championship and nothing else. They have hundreds of millions of dollars and their basketball legacy riding on their health, and a tournament isn’t going to fix the lack of care that Adam Silver previously decried . But the NBA has repeatedly misunderstood their assignment with the All-Star Game. It’s not supposed to be competitive. It’s not supposed to matter. It’s just supposed to be a game. The All-Star Game was a relic of a time when East-West rivalries were more pronounced, when players didn’t leave in free agency or demand trades with three years left on their contracts. It was arguably designed for fewer teams and for when positions mattered more. In its current state, it’s basically just an accolade to list on Wikipedia and Basketball Reference so that you can go “oh look, Chris Kaman was a 2010 All-Star!” But fundamentally, the game serves a fantasy that every NBA fan, particularly the younger ones, has deep down: what if all the best players played together? What would that look like? Now, the NBA has removed that fantasy and split everybody up. It’s no longer all the best players in one game , it’s one-fourth of the best players playing a different fourth of the best players in three different, shorter games. Complexity is the enemy of improvement. The NBA is hoping to trigger players’ latent competitiveness by adding a bracket — like they did with the NBA Cup — while also satisfying the disparate interests with a financial stake in the game: owners, sponsors, and broadcasting partners. This shiny, new idea carries the golden prospect of revenue, but destroyed what made the game special. Maybe the reality is just simpler: The NBA knows it can’t fix the All-Star Game, so instead of allowing it to serve its noble purpose — being a cool-looking showcase of a game with all the best players — they will continue mangling until it’s the “Brick-by-Brick All-Star Game presented by Lego” with LeBron James and Jayson Tatum competing for who can build the Ultimate Collectors Edition RD-D2 the fastest. It’ll certainly be sponsorable, but it won’t be an All-Star Game. Neither will this new version.

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